德米特里·谢尔盖耶维奇·利哈乔夫1906—1999

生平

德米特里·谢尔盖耶维奇·利哈乔夫出生于圣彼得堡。从孩提时代起，他就对文学充满兴趣。

1923年，利哈乔夫进入列宁格勒国立大学语言文学系学习，并于1928年毕业。同年利哈乔夫被捕并被指控为一个专门讽刺苏联当局的组织的成员。

在入狱九个月后，利哈乔夫未经审判就被流放至索洛韦茨基群岛上的索洛维茨基隔离营。1931年起，利哈乔夫成为了一名白海-波罗的海运河工人。

后来利哈乔夫被释放并回到列宁格勒，此后利哈乔夫出版了500多部学术著作。利哈乔夫认为俄罗斯是欧洲文明不可分割的一部分，这与列夫·古米廖夫、鲍里斯·亚历山德罗维奇·雷巴科夫和许多其他同时代人观点相反。

利哈乔夫又来又在苏联科学院出版社担任校对员。1936年，在科学院院长亚历山大·彼得罗维奇·卡尔平斯基的呼吁下，苏联当局清除了德米特里·利哈乔夫的犯罪记录。1938年，利哈乔夫来到普希金之家古俄罗斯文学系担任研究人员，并在这里一直工作到去世。

Dmitry Sergeyevich Likhachev (Russian: Дми́трий Серге́евич Лихачёв, also spelled Dmitrii Likhachev or Dmitry Likhachov; 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1906 – 30 September 1999) was a Russian medievalist, linguist, and an inmate of Gulag. During his lifetime, Likhachev was considered the world's foremost scholar of the Old Russian language and its literature.

He was revered as "the last of old St Petersburgers", and as "a guardian of national culture". Due to his high profile as a Soviet dissident writer, social critic, and activist during his later life, Likhachev was often referred to as "Russia's conscience".

Life and career

Childhood and concentration camp (1906 – 1931)

Dmitry Likhachev was born in Saint Petersburg. From his early childhood he had a passion for literature, even though his parents did not approve of this interest.

In a 1987 interview with David Remnick, Likhachev recalled how he had, "watched the February and October Revolutions from his window."

In 1923, at only 16 years old, Likhachev entered the Department of Linguistics and Literature of Leningrad State University. He attended the Roman-Germanic and Slavic-Russian sections at the same time, undertaking two diplomas. At the university the young Likhachev met many outstanding scientists and developed his own way of thinking. Likhachev graduated in 1928 from the Leningrad University. In 1928, at the end of his studies, Likhachev was arrested and accused of being a member of what Remnick called, "a students' literary group called the Cosmic Academy of Sciences", which "posed about as great a threat to the Kremlin as the Harvard Lampoon does to the White House."

For his election to the "Cosmic Academy", Likhachev had presented a short report, in which he poked fun at the new spelling rules of 1918 and urged that they be "reformed" by restoring the banned letter "Yat".

Family

In 1936, Likhachev married Zinaida Makarova (1907-2000), who devoted her entire life to her husband. They had twin daughters, Lyudmila and Vera (born 1937).

Legacy

A minor planet 2877 Likhachev discovered in 1969 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh is named after him.

Honours

• 1952 – Stalin Prize
• 1963 – Elected to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
• 1964 – Honorary doctorate of the Torun University
• 1964 – Honorary doctorate of the Oxford University
• 1966 – Order of the Red Banner of Labour
• 1968 – Elected to the Austrian Academy of Sciences
• 1970 – Elected to the Soviet Academy of Sciences
• 1964 – Honorary doctorate of the Edinburgh University
• 1969 – USSR State Prize
• 1972 – Elected to the Serbian Academy of Sciences
• 1973 – Elected to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
• 1983 – Honorary doctorate of the University of Bordeaux
• 1983 – Honorary doctorate of the University of Zurich
• 1985 – Honorary doctorate of the Budapest University
• 1986 – Hero of Socialist Labour
• 1987 – Elected to the Lincean Academy
• 1988 – Honorary doctorate of the University of Göttingen
• 1991 – Honorary doctorate of the Charles University
• 1992 – Honorary doctorate of the University of Siena
• 1993 – Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• 1993 – Lomonosov Gold Medal
• 1993 – Honorary Citizen of his native city, Saint Petersburg
• 1995 – Elected to the American Philosophical Society

1996 – Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", Order II class.

1998 – Order of St. Andrew

2000 – Russian State Prize

Main works

• 1942 – Defense of Old Russian Towns
• 1945 – National Self-Consciousness of Ancient Rus
• 1947 – Russian Chronicles and Their Cultural Significance
• 1950 – The Tale of Bygone Years (2 volumes)
• 1952 – Genesis of the Tale of Igor's Campaign
• 1955 – The Lay of Igor's Campaign
• 1958 – Human Dimension of the Old Russian Literature
• 1962 – Russian Culture at the Times of Andrei Rublev and Epiphanius the Wise
• 1962 – Textology

1967 – The Poetics of Early Russian Literature (Russian: Поэтика древнерусской литературы, romanized: Poetika Drevnerusskoy Literatury)

• 1971 – Artistic Heritage of Ancient Rus in Our Time
• 1973 – Development of Old Russian Literature: the Epochs and Styles
• 1975 – Great Heritage: Classic Works of Old Russian Literature
• 1976 – Laughing World of Ancient Rus
• 1978 – The Tale of Igor's Campaign and Culture of That Time
• 1981 – Russian Notes
• 1981 – Literature – Reality – Literature
• 1982 – The Poetry of Gardens
• 1985 – Letters about the Kind and Beautiful
• 1987 – Selected Works, in Three Volumes
• 1989 – From the Note-Books of Various Years
• 1992 – Russian Art from the Antiquity to Avantgarde
• 1995 – Reminiscences
• 1996 – Essays on the Philosophy of Artistic Creativity
• 1997 – Articles on Intelligentsia