黄栌种

形态

落叶小乔木或灌木，高达8米。暗灰褐色树皮不开裂。紫褐色小枝，被有蜡粉。宽卵形单叶互生，先端圆或微凹，全缘，叶柄细长。黄绿色小花，杂性。顶生圆锥花序，初夏开花后，有多数不育花的紫绿色细长羽毛状花梗宿存。肾形核果。花期4～5月，果期6～7月。黄栌深秋满树通红，艳丽。

分布

分布于捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利，南欧，中东，印度，以及中国华北、浙江、西南等地。生长于海拔330米至2,400米的地区。

是中国重要的观赏红叶树种，著名的北京香山红叶就是该树种。其在园林中适宜丛植于草坪、土丘或山坡，亦可混植于其它树群尤其是常绿树群中。

通常作为庭园观赏植物种植，有几种品种可供选择。其中紫色的叶子和花朵居多。

变种或种下等级

下列为本物种的变种或种下等级：

C. c. var. coggygria

Cotinus coggygria Scop. var. chengkouensis Y. T. Wu

Cotinus coggygria Scop. var. cinerea Engl.

粉背黄栌 Cotinus coggygria Scop. var. glaucophylla C. Y. Wu

毛黄栌 Cotinus coggygria Scop. var. pubescens Engl.

Cotinus coggygria, syn. Rhus cotinus, the European smoketree, Eurasian smoketree, smoke tree, smoke bush, Venetian sumach, or dyer's sumach, is a Eurasian species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae.

Description

It is a multiple-branching deciduous shrub growing to 5–7 metres (16–23 feet) tall with an open, spreading, irregular habit, only rarely forming a small tree. The leaves are 3–8 centimetres (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄4 inches) long rounded ovals, green with a waxy glaucous sheen. The autumn colour can be strikingly varied, from peach and yellow to scarlet. The flowers are numerous, produced in large inflorescences 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long; each flower 5–10 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) in diameter, with five pale yellow petals. Most of the flowers in each inflorescence abort, elongating into yellowish-pink to pinkish-purple feathery plumes (when viewed en masse these have a wispy 'smoke-like' appearance, hence the common name "smoke tree") which surround the small (2–3 mm or 1⁄16–1⁄8 in) drupaceous fruit that develop.

Fossil record

Macrofossils of C. coggygria from the early Pliocene epoch have been found in Western Georgia in the Caucasus region.

Distribution and habitat

The species is native to a large area from southern Europe, east across central Asia and the Himalayas to northern China.

Uses

Ornamental plant

It is commonly grown as an ornamental plant, with several cultivars available. Many of these have been selected for purple foliage and flowers.

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-

• 'Flame'
• Golden Spirit='Ancot'
• 'Royal Purple'
• 'Young Lady'

Dyestuff

The wood was formerly used to make the yellow dye called young fustic (fisetin), now replaced by synthetic dyes.

The species, along with other members of the sumac family, has been used to make red dyes for textiles including weft-wrapped soumak rugs and bags in the Middle East. The names sumac and soumak likely derive from the Arabic and Syriac word ܣܘܡܩܐ 'summāq', meaning "red".