尼古拉·谢苗诺夫1896—1986

谢苗诺夫于1917年毕业于圣彼得堡国立大学（当时称彼得堡大学）。

Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov, sometimes Semenov, Semionov or Semenoff (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов; 15 April [O.S. 3 April] 1896 – 25 September 1986) was a Soviet physicist and chemist. Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation.

Life and career

Semyonov was born in Saratov in April 1896, the son of Yelena Dmitrieva and Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semyonov. He graduated from the department of physics of Petrograd University (1913–1917), where he was a student of Abram Fyodorovich Ioffe. After graduating from Saint Petersburg State University, Semyonov worked as an assistant and lecturer in Tomsk at the Tomsk University Institute of Technology, where he published his first research paper in 1916. In 1918, he moved to Samara, where he was enlisted into Kolchak's White Army in 1919 during the Russian Civil War, although he obtained a teaching deferment and managed to avoid service. In December of that same year, he was pressed into the radio service of the Red Army. After his discharge in the winter of 1920, Semyonov obtained work at universities in Perm and Tomsk.

Significant works

Semyonov's outstanding work on the mechanism of chemical transformation includes an exhaustive analysis of the application of the chain theory to varied reactions (1934–1954) and, more significantly, to combustion processes. He proposed a theory of degenerate branching, which led to a better understanding of the phenomena associated with the induction periods of oxidation processes. He spent most of his career focusing and developing the field of chemical chain reactions.

Semyonov wrote two important books outlining his work. Chemical Kinetics and Chain Reactions was published in 1934, with an English edition in 1935. It was the first book in the U.S.S.R. to develop a detailed theory of unbranched and branched chain reactions in chemistry. Some Problems of Chemical Kinetics and Reactivity, first published in 1954, was revised in 1958; there are also English, American, German, and Chinese editions. He is the only Soviet/Russian Chemistry Nobel Laureate, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Sir Cyril N.

Honours and awards

• Orders of Lenin, nine times (incl. 1945, 1953, 1956, 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981)
• Stalin Prize (1941, 1949)
• Honorary Member of the British Chemical Society (1943)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1946)
• Honorary member of the Indian Academy of Sciences (1954)
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1956)
• Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London (1958)
• Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (1959)
• Honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1961)
• Honorary member of the New York Academy of Sciences (1962)
• Foreign member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1963)
• Honorary Member of the Romanian Academy (1965)
• Hero of Socialist Labour, twice (1966, 1976)
• Lomonosov Gold Medal (1969)
• Lenin Prize (1976)
• Order of the October Revolution (1986)

Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"

Mendeleev Prize

Honorary Member of The Soviet Academy of Sciences (1932)

Legacy

In 1990, the IHF RAS was named after N. N. Semyonov;

In 1994, a memorial plaque was unveiled in honor of Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov on the main building of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University (29 Politechnicheskaya Street);

The memorial plaque is installed on the facade of the Main building of the A.F. Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology in St. Petersburg (26 Politechnicheskaya str.).

On July 27, 1996, and one of the streets in the South-Western Administrative District of the city of Moscow on the territory of the Yuzhnoye Butovo District was given the name Academician Semyonov Street;

In Saratov, one of the streets is named after Semyonov;

In Tyumen, one of the streets is named after Semyonov;

A memorial plaque is installed on the house in Moscow at 24 Frunzenskaya Embankment, where Semyonov spent his last years of life;

The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences has a Commission for the development of the scientific heritage of Academician N. N. Semyonov;