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Rosa gallica, the Gallic rose, French rose, or rose of Provins, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, native to southern and central Europe eastwards to Turkey and the Caucasus. Rosa gallica was one of the first species of rose to be cultivated in central Europe. It is a parent of several important cultivars.

Description

Rosa gallica is a deciduous shrub forming large patches. The slender, straight prickles are various in size and frequency in this species. The leaves are pinnately-compound, with three to seven bluish-green leaflets. The flowers are clustered one to four together, on glandular pedicels. Each flower has five or more petals, sometimes producing double corollas. The flowers are fragrant and deep pink. The hips are globose to ovoid, 10–13 mm diameter, and orange to brownish.

In the field of Food science, rose petal extract from Rosa gallica has been shown to have properties that reduce inflammation and wrinkling in human skin.

Gallica cultivar group

Cultivars of the species R. gallica and hybrids close in appearance are considered as a cultivar group, the Gallica Group roses. Their exact ancestry is usually unknown and other species may be involved. They are easily cultivated. The Gallica Group roses share the vegetative characters of the species:

• forming low suckering shrubs,
• flowers can be single, but most commonly are double or semidouble,
• colours range from white (rare) to pink and deep purple, and
• once flowering

Apothecary's rose

Plants with semidouble deep pink flowers have been treated as either a variety, under the name R. gallica var. officinalis, or as a cultivar, R. gallica 'Officinalis'. It is also called the apothecary's rose, the crimson damask rose, or the red rose of Lancaster. It is the county flower of Lancashire. A cultivar R. gallica var. officinalis 'Versicolor', with striped pink blooms, is also known as Rosa mundi.

The names Rosa gallica f. trigintipetala or Rosa 'Trigintipetala' are considered to be synonyms of Rosa × damascena.

Cultivation

It was cultivated by the Greeks and Romans and commonly used in mediaeval gardens. Until the 19th century it was the most important species of rose to be cultivated, and most modern European rose cultivars have at least a small contribution from R. gallica in their ancestry.

Rosa gallica is easily cultivated on well drained soil in full sun to semishade; it can survive temperatures down to −25 °C.

The following cultivars and hybrids currently hold the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

• 'Beau Narcisse' (Mielles pre-1824)
• 'Charles de Mills' (pre-1790)
• 'Duc de Guiche' (pre-1810)
• 'Duchesse de Montebello' (Laffay 1824)
• 'Président de Sèze'
• var. officinalis (sometimes listed as a cultivar 'Officinalis', rather than a variety)
• 'Versicolor' ('Rosa mundi')
• 'Tuscany Superb'
• Other notable cultivars include:

'Cardinal de Richelieu' (Parmentier pre-1847; withdrawn) – this rose was used as a starting point for genetic engineering to produce the first blue rose

'Complicata'