杧果属属

属名Mangifera来源于葡萄牙语manga（杧果）和fora（发育）的合成词，指长有杧果的树。

分布

本属的多样性的中心位于东南亚、南亚至华南一带，并被引入到世界各地的亚热带及热带地区。本属物种通常是生存于低地雨林中的林冠树，树的高度可达30—40米（98—131英尺）。

用途

本属植物在亚洲和其他地方广泛种植。 该属中超过27种具有可食用的肉质水果，尤其是普通芒果（M. indica）。 其他的，例如臭果杧（Mangifera foetida），产出可以腌制的涩味水果。

Mangifera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae. It contains 64 species, with the best-known being the common mango (Mangifera indica). The center of diversity of the genus is in the Malesian ecoregion of Southeast Asia, particularly in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula. They are generally canopy trees in lowland rainforests, reaching a height of 30–40 m (98–131 ft).

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Mangifera are evergreen or deciduous, laticiferous or non-laticiferous trees with smooth bark and long tap roots. The simple leaves have an entire margin.

Generative characteristics

The conical paniculate inflorescence with a stout, thick peduncle bears numerous flowers. The anthers are dorsifixed. The large, fleshy, indehiscent fruit with a fibrous, woody endocarp bears one non-endospermic, flattened, ovoid-oblong seed.

Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 40.

Taxonomy

The genus Mangifera L. was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 with Mangifera indica L. as the type species.

Subgenera and sections

• The genus Mangifera is divided into two subgenera and several sections:
• Mangifera subg. Mangifera
• Mangifera sect. Marchandora Pierre
• Mangifera sect. Euantherae Pierre

Mangifera sect. Rawa Kosterm.

Mangifera sect. Mangifera

Mangifera subg. Limus (Marchand) Kosterm.

Fossil record

The earliest fossil species thought to be related to Mangifera is Eomangiferophyllum damalgiriense from the upper Paleocene in northeastern India. Leaves have also been reported from the Paleocene of Japan and the Eocene of Germany, though these have been considered questionable. Leaf fossils confidently assignable to Mangifera have been collected from Oligocene or early Miocene sediments in northern Thailand.

Formerly placed here

• Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn. (as M. oppositifolia Roxb.)
• Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy (as M. axillaris Desr.)
• Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers. (as M. glauca Rottb.)

Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (as M. gabonensis Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke)

Fegimanra africana (Oliv.) Pierre (as M. africana Oliv.)

Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz (as M. pinnata L.f.)

Ecology

Flies are important pollinators of Mangifera flowers and the flowers are visited by numerous species of flies, wasps, bees, beetles, ants, and butterflies.

Conservation

Most Mangifera species occur as single individuals over wide areas, but are not considered rare. One species, Mangifera casturi, is extinct in the wild.

Uses

Mangifera species are widely cultivated in Asia and elsewhere. More than 27 species in the genus bear edible, fleshy fruits, especially the common mango (M. indica). Others, such as M. foetida, yield astringent fruits that can be eaten pickled. Mango residue, such as the seed kernel and peel, have functional and nutritional potential.