新翅下纲总纲

系统分类学

复新翅类 Polyneoptera

• 缺翅目 Zoraptera
• 革翅目 Dermaptera
• 𫌀翅目 Plecoptera
• 直翅目 Orthoptera
• 螳䗛目 Mantophptera
• 蛩蠊目 Grylloblattodea
• 纺足目 Embioptera
• 竹节虫目 Phasmatodea
• 网翅总目 Dictyoptera
• 螳螂目 Mantodea
• 蜚蠊目 Blattodea

无尾角类 Acercaria

• 半翅目 Hemiptera
• 缨翅目 Thysanoptera
• 啮虫目 Psocoptera
• 虱毛目 Phthiraptera

完全变态类 Holometabola

• 膜翅目 Hymenoptera
• 蛇蛉目 Neuroptera
• 广翅目 Megaloptera
• 脉翅目 Neuroptera
• 捻翅目 Strepsiptera
• 鞘翅目 Coleoptera
• 毛翅目 Trichoptera
• 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera
• 长翅目 Mecoptera
• 双翅目 Diptera

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, not fully resolved, according to Kluge 2004, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2020 using morphological characteristics according to the principles of cladoendesis:

Neoptera (Ancient Greek néos ("new") + pterón ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Classification

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:

• Pterygota
• division Palaeoptera
• order Odonata
• order Agnatha (correct name: Ephemeroptera)
• †order Dictyoneuridea
• †order Megasecoptera
• †order Meganisoptera
• †order Protephemeroidea
• division Neoptera
• superorder Endopterygota
• order Coleoptera
• order Strepsiptera
• order Neuroptera
• order Raphidioptera
• order Megaloptera
• order Diptera
• order Mecoptera
• order Trichoptera
• order Lepidoptera
• order Hymenoptera
• subdivision Polyneoptera
• superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
• order Orthoptera
• order Plecoptera
• order Dermaptera
• order Embioptera
• order Phasmatodea
• superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pandictyoptera)
• order Blattodea
• order Mantodea
• subdivision Paraneoptera
• order Hemiptera
• suborder Auchenorrhyncha
• suborder Coleorrhyncha
• suborder Heteroptera
• suborder Sternorrhyncha
• subdivision Oligoneoptera

The order Thysanoptera originally had an uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.

Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

• Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878
• Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890
• Metapterygota Börner 1909
• Odonata Fabricius 1793
• Neoptera Martynov 1923

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the Polyneoptera, Johnson et al 2018 for the Paraneoptera (where Psocomorpha contains Phthiraptera), and Kjer et al 2016 for the Holometabola.