尼古拉·米克卢霍·迈克雷1846—1888

米克卢霍-马克莱一生的大部分时间都在旅行，并在中东、澳大利亚、新几内亚岛、美拉尼西亚和波利尼西亚进行科学研究。澳大利亚成了他的祖国，悉尼成了他的故乡。

他成为十九世纪澳大利亚科学界的杰出人物，并参与了澳大利亚和新几内亚历史上的重大议题。米克卢霍-马克莱在给澳大利亚报纸的信中表示，他反对在澳大利亚、新喀里多尼亚和太平洋地区的劳工和奴隶贸易（黑鸟贸易），反对英国和德国在新几内亚的殖民扩张。在澳大利亚期间，他在南半球建立了第一个生物研究站，当选为新南威尔士林奈学会会员，在建立澳大拉西亚生物协会方面发挥重要作用，住在澳大利亚精英俱乐部，成为著名业余科学家和政治人物威廉·约翰·麦克莱爵士的亲密朋友，并与新南威尔士州长约翰·罗伯逊的独女玛格丽特-艾玛·罗伯逊结婚。他的三个孙子都为澳大利亚的公共生活做出贡献。

米克卢霍-马克莱是查尔斯·达尔文最早的追随者之一，今天人们还记得他是一位学者，他根据自己的比较解剖学研究，是最早驳斥人类不同种族属于不同物种这一普遍观点的人类学家之一。

Nicholas or Nicholai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Миклу́хо-Макла́й, romanized: Nikolay Nikolayevich Mikhlukho-Maklay; 17 July [O.S. 5 July] 1846 – 14 April [O.S. 2 April] 1888) was a Russian explorer and scientist. He worked as an ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist. He became famous as one of the earliest scientists to settle among and study indigenous people of New Guinea "who had never seen a European".

Miklouho-Maclay spent the major part of his life travelling and conducted scientific research in the Middle East, Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia and Polynesia. Australia became his adopted country and Sydney the hometown of his family.

He became a prominent figure of nineteenth-century Australian science and became involved in significant issues of Australian and New Guinea history. Writing letters to Australian papers, Miklouho-Maclay expressed his opposition to the labour and slave trade ("blackbirding") in Australia, New Caledonia and the Pacific, as well as his opposition to the British and German colonial expansion in New Guinea. While in Australia, he built the first biological research station in the Southern Hemisphere, was elected to the Linnean Society of New South Wales, was instrumental in establishing the Australasian Biological Association, stayed at the elite Australian Club, became the intimate of the leading amateur scientist and political figure Sir William Macleay, and married Margaret-Emma Robertson, the daughter of the Premier of New South Wales. His three grandsons have all contributed to the public life of Australia.

One of the earliest followers of Charles Darwin, Miklouho-Maclay is also remembered today as a scholar who, on the basis of his comparative anatomical research, was one of the first anthropologists to refute the prevailing view that the different races of mankind belonged to different species.