南秧鸡种

特征

巨水鸡身材壮硕行动笨拙，红腿，黄嘴的根部有鲜红的瘤，翅膀蓝紫色，不能飞行。身长为63厘米（25英寸）左右，站立时高约50厘米（20英寸），重约为3公斤，很强壮，有着坚硬的鸟喙和强壮的腿。鼻沟浅而宽，鼻孔小而圆，在鼻沟前部下方，额甲宽大，后缘呈截形。翅圆形，第2枚、第3枚和第4枚初级飞羽最长，并几乎等长；第1枚和第6枚或第7枚初级飞羽等长。跗跖和趾都长而有力；能用脚趾抓住和操纵食物，两性同型，体羽为紫色或蓝色，尾下覆羽白色。它们的腿又细又长，其中腿高占身高的一半以上，非常适于在草丛行走。

雌雄差异

雄性全身覆盖着漂亮的紫色羽毛，嘴和头的顶部及腿为朱红色。雌性和雄性的颜色截然不同，全身为灰褐色。

习性，繁殖

一般独居，栖息于新西兰南岛的高山草地环境中，脚上虽然没有蹼，但也会游泳、潜水。它们生活在杂草繁茂的地方，有时也会到较宽阔的水面附近去寻找食物。其食物以植物为主，也食一些螺类和水栖昆虫。繁殖季节雌雄同居，由雄鸟造巢。雌鸟在巢造好后便可产下5-10枚卵，夫妻双方轮流孵化3周后，雏鸡就会出壳。

保育现状

在新西兰的保护区内受严格保育措施，数量正在回升，由2013年的263只升至2019年共418只。截至2023年，全新西兰约有500只火地岛秧鸡，每年以8%的速度成长。2023年，新西兰政府与当地的纳塔胡部落合作，放归了9对火地岛秧鸡。

The South Island takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) is a flightless swamphen indigenous to New Zealand and the largest living member of the rail family. It is often known by the abbreviated name takahē, which it shares with the recently (14th century) extinct North Island takahē. The two takahē species are also known as notornis.

Takahē were hunted extensively by both early European settlers and Māori, and takahē bones have been found in middens in the South Island. Fossil remains have also been found across the South Island. They were not named and described by Europeans until 1847, and then only from fossil bones. In 1850 a living bird was captured, and three more collected in the 19th century. After another bird was captured in 1898, and no more were to be found, the species was presumed extinct. Fifty years later, however, after a carefully planned search, South Island takahē were dramatically rediscovered in November 1948 by Geoffrey Orbell in an isolated valley in the South Island's Murchison Mountains. The species is now managed by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, whose Takahē Recovery Programme maintains populations on several offshore islands as well as Takahē Valley. Takahē has been reintroduced to numerous locations across the country. Although South Island takahē are still a threatened species, their NZTCS status was downgraded in 2016 from Nationally Critical to Nationally Vulnerable. As of 2023, the population is around 500 and is growing by 8 percent per year.

Rediscovery

Living South Island takahē were rediscovered in an expedition led by Invercargill-based physician Geoffrey Orbell near Lake Te Anau in the Murchison Mountains, on 20 November 1948. The expedition started when footprints of an unknown bird were found near Lake Te Anau. Two takahē were caught but returned to the wild after photos were taken of the rediscovered bird.

Population

One of the original long-term goals was to establish a self-sustaining population of well over 500 South Island takahē. The population stood at 263 at the beginning of 2013. In 2016 the population rose to 306 takahē. In 2017 the population rose to 347—a 13 percent increase from the last year. In 2019, it increased to 418. As of 2023, the population is around 500.