白鼻浣熊种

分布及栖息地

白鼻浣熊栖息在美洲的林地，如森林、雨林。它们生活在海平面至海拔3500米。最北分布至亚利桑那州东南部及新墨西哥州，最南至巴拿马。

特征

白鼻浣熊一般呈深褐色、红色或黄色。它们的眼睛显深色，吻、下巴及喉咙都是浅灰色的。通常它们体长1.1-1.2米，当中包括长50-65厘米的尾巴。它们一般重5-9公斤。它们的尾巴不能抓住东西。

行为

白鼻浣熊是杂食性的，喜欢吃细小的脊椎动物、果实、腐尸、昆虫及蛋。它们适于攀树，尾巴用来平衡，但大部分时间都会留在地上。它们的天敌有蚺属、猛禽、猫科及狐鼬。它们习惯了人类的出现，有时甚至去到营地及垃圾站觅食。它们易于驯养，研究发现它们很聪明。

白鼻浣熊主要是日间活动的，夜间会回到特定的树上休息。不过它们可以按环境来改变习性，在一些受到人类猎杀的地方，或是有人类的地方觅食，它们可以转为夜间活动的。成年雄性是独居的，雌性及幼生雄性会组成群族。在觅食的时候，两只白鼻浣熊会负责照顾幼生的。幼年雄性及一些雌性会以打斗来玩耍。它们为了食物也会互相打斗。

The white-nosed coati (Nasua narica), also known as the coatimundi , is a species of coati and a member of the family Procyonidae (raccoons and their relatives). Local Spanish names for the species include antoon, gato solo, pizote, and tejón, depending upon the region. It weighs about 4–6 kg (8.8–13.2 lb), and the nose-to-tail length of the species is about 110 cm (3.6 ft) with about half of that being the tail length. However, small females can weigh as little as 3.1 kg (6.8 lb), while large males can weigh as much as 9 kg (20 lb).

Distribution and habitat

The white-nosed coati is distributed from as far north as Flagstaff, Arizona, New Mexico, through Mexico, Central America, and the far northwestern region of Colombia near the border with Panama. It inhabits wooded areas in tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests and in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at elevations from sea level to 3,000 m (9,800 ft).

Coatis from Cozumel Island have been treated as a separate species, the Cozumel Island coati, but the vast majority of recent authorities treat it as a subspecies, N. narica nelsoni, of the white-nosed coati. They are smaller than white-nosed coatis from the adjacent mainland (N. n. yucatanica), but when compared more widely to white-nosed coatis the difference in size is not as clear. The level of other differences also support its status as a subspecies rather than separate species.

White-nosed coatis have also been found in Florida, where they were introduced. It is unknown precisely when introduction occurred; an early specimen in the Florida Museum of Natural History, labeled an "escaped captive", dates to 1928. There are several later documented cases of coatis escaping captivity, and since the 1970s there have been a number of sightings, and several live and dead specimens of various ages have been found. These reports have occurred over a wide area of southern Florida, and there is probable evidence of breeding, indicating that the population is well established.

Although rare, there is evidence of the White-nosed coatis in Texas in Cameron County, as far back as 1877. Other sightings occurred in Maverick (1938), Brewster (1939), and Uvalde (1943) counties. There were sightings in Aransas and Kerr Counties, and three sightings were reported in the Big Bend area from 1959 to 1966. A possible escaped pet was discovered as road-kill near Abilene in 1975. The latest two sightings were on 27 July 1994, near the Guadalupe River and on 29 April 1995, a coati was seen crossing State Road 175, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of the intersection of Texas State Highway 77 and State Road 175.

Behavior and ecology

Unlike many of their Procyonidae cousins, such as raccoons and kinkajous, coatis are diurnal and therefore do much of their foraging during the day.

Pollination

White-nosed coatis are known pollinators of the balsa tree, as observed in a study of a white-nosed coati population in Costa Rica. The coati were observed inserting their noses into the flowers of the tree and ingesting nectar, while the flower showed no subsequent signs of damage. Pollen from the flowers covers the face of the coati following feeding and disseminates through the surrounding forest following detachment. Scientists observed a dependent relationship between the balsa tree, which provides a critical resource of hydration and nutrition to the white-nosed coati when environmental resources are scarce, and the coati, which increases proliferation of the tree through pollination.

Feeding habits

The white-nosed coati is an omnivore and forages mostly on the ground for small vertebrates, fruits, carrion, insects, snakes, and eggs. It can climb trees easily and uses its tail for balancing.

Reproduction and life span

Adult male coatis live solitary lives except during the mating season. Female coatis live in groups, called bands, with their offspring, including males less than two years old. Gestation lasts 10 to 11 weeks, and litters consist of two to seven young. The young are weaned at four months and reach adult size at 15 months.

Coatis can live as long as seven years in the wild. In captivity, the average lifespan is about 14 years, but some coatis in human care have been known to live into their late teens.

Conservation

The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists both the white-nosed coati and the South American coati as least concern. However, the coati is an endangered species in New Mexico.