简鼻亚目亚目

始镜猴科是已灭绝的原猴亚目，相信与眼镜猴较为接近，且是最原始的简鼻亚目。

它们的上唇并非直接连接鼻子或牙床，故可以做很多面部表情。它们的脑部与身体比例明显较原猴的大，而其主要感官是靠视觉。它们有眼后板。除了眼镜猴及夜猴外，大部分物种都是白天活动的，且有三原色视觉。它的手及脚只适合运动，例如长臂猿科及猩猩的钩状手，或是人类的双足。

所有的类人猿都有单一间隔的子宫，而眼镜猴则像原猴般有双角形子宫。大部分物种一般每次只会生一胎，但如狨属及柽柳猴属则普遍会生双胞胎或三胞胎。简鼻亚目的婴儿相对较原猴的为大，但较依赖母亲，这可能是因它们复杂的行为及自然历史。

分类及演化

简鼻亚目与原猴亚目约于6300万年前演化分开。约于5800万年前，跗猴型下目从其他简鼻亚目分支开来，现存的跗猴型下目就只有眼镜猴科。所以眼镜猴科会有一些原猴亚目的特征。

余下的类人猿下目亦分开为两个小目：阔鼻小目（新世界猴）及狭鼻小目（旧世界猴及猿）。新世界猴及猿分别于4000万年前及2500万年前从旧世界猴分开。现时相信猿及猴是于非洲分裂的。但是最近在巴基斯坦发现的化石，包括Bugtipithecus inexpectans、Phileosimias kamali及Phileosimias brahuiorum，却令科学家重新反思这个学说。

在分支分类学中，祖先类是包含了其后裔的，故人类及已灭绝的双足类人类（包括南方古猿类、肯尼亚平脸人等），都分类在人族之中。人族与指节行走的猿综合称为人科，因为它们都拥有分支中相同的特征。同样地，所有不论现存、已灭绝、大或小的猿都同样拥有简鼻亚目的生物特征，而狭鼻小目亦是在其分支中。

Haplorhini , the haplorhines (Greek for "simple-nosed") or the "dry-nosed" primates is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini ("moist-nosed"). The name is sometimes spelled Haplorrhini. The simians include catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans), and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys).

Haplorhini was proposed by Pocock in 1918 when he realized the tarsiers were actually sister to the monkeys rather than the lemurs, also following findings of Hugh Cuming 80 years earlier and Linnaeus 160 years earlier. For Linnaeus, this ensemble of primates constituted a genus "Simia". For religious reasons, Homo constituted its own genus (which has remained).

The extinct omomyids, which are considered to be the most basal haplorhines, are believed to be more closely related to the tarsiers than to other haplorhines. The exact relationship is not yet fully established – Williams, Kay and Kirk (2010) prefer the view that tarsiers and simians share a common ancestor, and that common ancestor shares a common ancestor with the omomyids, citing evidence from analysis by Bajpal et al. in 2008; but they also note two other possibilities – that tarsiers are directly descended from omomyids, with simians being a separate line, or that both simians and tarsiers are descended from omomyids.

Haplorhines share a number of derived features that distinguish them from the strepsirrhine "wet-nosed" primates (whose Greek name means "curved nose"), the other suborder of primates from which they diverged some 63 million years ago. The haplorhines, including tarsiers, have all lost the function of the terminal enzyme that manufactures Vitamin C, while the strepsirrhines, like most other orders of mammals, have retained this enzyme. Genetically, five short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are common to all haplorhines whilst absent in strepsirrhines. The haplorhine upper lip, which has replaced the ancestral rhinarium found in strepsirrhines, is not directly connected to their nose or gum, allowing a large range of facial expressions. Their brain-to-body mass ratio is significantly greater than the strepsirrhines, and their primary sense is vision. Haplorhines have a postorbital plate, unlike the postorbital bar found in strepsirrhines. Most species are diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys).

All anthropoids have a single-chambered uterus; tarsiers have a bicornate uterus like the strepsirrhines. Most species typically have single births, although twins and triplets are common for marmosets and tamarins. Despite similar gestation periods, haplorhine newborns are relatively much larger than strepsirrhine newborns, but have a longer dependence period on their mother. This difference in size and dependence is credited to the increased complexity of their behavior and natural history.

Etymology

The taxonomic name Haplorhini derives from the Ancient Greek haploûs (ἁπλούς, 'onefold', 'single', 'simple') and rhinos (ῥις (genitive ῥινός), 'nose'). It refers to the lack of a rhinarium or "wet nose", which is found in many mammals, including strepsirrhine primates.

Classification and evolution

Molecular estimates based on mitochondrial genomes suggest Haplorhini and its sister clade, Strepsirrhini, diverged 74 million years ago (mya), but no crown primate fossils are known prior to the beginning of the Eocene, 56 mya. The same molecular analysis suggests the infraorder Tarsiiformes, whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier (Tarsiidae), branched off from the other haplorhines 70 mya. The fossil Archicebus may be similar to the most recent common ancestor at this time.

Uncertain placement of extinct early haplorhines

The exact placement of early haplorhine families is uncertain owing to limited evidence. The following sets out a possible order put together by Williams, Kay and Kirk in 2010, based on cladograms put together by Seiffert et al. (2005), Marivaux (2006) and Bajpai et al. (2008), and should not be seen as definitive. They do not include Propliopithecoidea as they classify them as early catarrhines. Also included are Archicebidae, the discovery of which was announced by Ni et al. in 2013. (but see notes below regarding placement).

• Order Primates
• †Plesiadapiformes
• Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, galagos and their ancestors
• Haplorhini