亚历山大·尼古拉耶维奇·涅斯梅亚诺夫1899—1980

生平

1899年9月9日生于莫斯科。1922年毕业于莫斯科大学，后留校工作。1930年至1934年在苏联科学院肥料和农药研究所工作。1934年在苏联科学院有机化学研究所工作。1935年起任教授。1939年当选为苏联科学院通讯院士，1943年入选正式院士。1939年至1954年任苏联科学院有机化学研究所所长。1948年至1951年担任莫斯科国立大学校长。

1951年2月，谢尔盖·瓦维洛夫去世后，他当选为苏联科学院院长。应本人要求，他于1961年5月19日辞去了苏联科学院院长的职务。1950年至1962年连续当选苏联最高苏维埃代表。

1980年1月17日在莫斯科去世。安葬于新圣女公墓。

研究

涅斯梅亚诺夫在金属有机化合物方面的化学研究上取得了丰硕成果。他所创造的可以使有机物质与一系列金属化合的“重氮化方法”尤其著名。

中文译本

涅斯米扬诺夫. 《放射性同位素及其应用》. 国防工业出版社. 1960年.

涅斯米扬诺夫; 别里科夫. 《未来的食物》. 由王秉饮，李学建翻译. 科学普及出版社. 1983年.

Alexander Nikolayevich Nesmeyanov (Russian: Александр Николаевич Несмеянов; 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1899 – 17 January 1980) was a Soviet chemist and academician (1943) specializing in organometallic chemistry.

Biography

He was born in Moscow. He had two brothers Vasily (1904) and Andrei (1911) and a sister Tatyana (1908) (two born sisters died in infancy). His father (Nikolai Vasilyevich Nesmeyanov), graduated with excellence Vladimir Gymnasium, and then the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. He became interested in enlightenment and was working as a public teacher in the village of Bushov (Tula province) for 10 years. He had married in 1898 and worked at the Moscow city government, then he was a director Bakhrushinsky orphanage in Moscow (1901 – 1917). Alexander's mother, Lyudmila Danilovna (1878 – 1958), was a multi-talented teacher. At ten years Alexander became a vegetarian, and in 1913 he stopped eating fish. It was not easy to follow this conviction, especially in the famine years of 1918 – 1921, when roach and herring were an essential food product. He had become interested in various branches of biology: entomology, hydrobiology, ornithology and from the age of thirteen became interested in chemistry.

Scientific activity

Alexander Nikolayevich was one of the greatest organic chemists of the 20th century. He organised a number of fundamental works on the theory of the structure and reactivity of organic compounds. He created a new discipline lying on the border of inorganic and organic chemistry, which was called "chemistry of organoelement compounds". Also he has researched the production of synthetic food, the creation of new drugs and the synthesis of a number of technical materials.

Nesmeyanov's diazomethod (Nesmeyanov's reaction)

Studying the decomposition of double salts of aryldiazonium halides with mercury halides by copper powder, in 1929 Nesmeyanov proposed a new method for obtaining arylmercury halides. Later, the diazo method was extended to the synthesis of organometallic compounds of thallium, germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.

Recognition

Alexander Nikolayevich's work on the chemistry of organoelement compounds brought him fame and recognition not only in the Soviet Union, but also in the world. He was elected an honorary member of several dozen foreign national academies and scientific societies.

Awards and prizes

Stalin Prize first degree (1943) - for research in the field of organometallic compounds, the results of which were published in 1941 and 1942 in a series of articles: “On the interaction of diazoacetic ether with tin chloride and ferric chloride”, “From the field of organomercuric compounds ”, “On the reaction of nitroso compounds with nitric oxide” and in the monograph “Synthetic methods in the field of organometallic compounds of mercury” (1942)

Lenin Prize (1966) - for a cycle of research in the field of organoelement compounds

Twice Hero of Socialist Labour (1969, 1979)

Gold medal named after D. I. Mendeleev (1977) - for a series of works in the field of organometallic compounds and obtaining food from non-traditional sources

V Mendeleev Reader

Main works

Nesmeyanov A.N. D.I. Mendeleev's Periodic Table of Elements and Organic Chemistry. Series: Reports at the plenary session/ VIII Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry. Moscow: Publishing House Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1959.

Nesmeyanov A.N. Ed. acad. A. V. Topchiev Selected Works. Moscow: Publishing House Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1959.

Ioffe S.T. and Nesmeyanov A.N. Ed. A. N. Nesmeyanova and К. A. Kocheshkova Magnesium, beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium. Series: Methods of elemental organic chemistry. Moscow: Publishing House Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1963.

Nesmeyanov A.N. and Sokolik R.A. Ed. A. N. Nesmeyanova and К. A. Kocheshkova Bor. Aluminum. Gallium. Indium. Thallium. Series: Methods of elemental organic chemistry. Moscow: Publishing House Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1964.

Makarova L.G. and Nesmeyanov A.N. Ed. A. N. Nesmeyanova and К. A. Kocheshkova Mercury. Series: Methods of elemental organic chemistry. Moscow: Publishing House Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1965.