阿列克谢·尼古拉耶维奇·列昂季耶夫1903—1979

生平

1903年生于莫斯科。1924年毕业于莫斯科大学社会科学学院，1925年开始在维谷斯基教授的指导下深入研究心理学，1931年出版《记忆的发展》。从1931年底开始，先后在哈尔科夫心理学研究所，哈尔科夫师范学院从事教育和科研活动。1941年开始在莫斯科大学执教。同年6月苏德战争爆发，莫斯科大学被迫迁至阿什哈巴德，然后迁至斯维尔德洛夫斯克。1947年当选俄罗斯教育科学院通讯院士。1948年加入联共（布）。1951年起，历任莫斯科大学哲学院心理学系主任，普通心理学教研室主任。1966年领导成立独立于哲学院的心理学院，成为首任院长。1968年入选苏联教育科学院院士。1957年至1967年任国际心理科学联合会副主席。1973年当选匈牙利科学院名誉院士。1975年出版《活动、意识、个性》，获列宁奖。1979年在莫斯科去世。

理论

列昂季耶夫提出了言语活动的理论，他力图在其理论体系中反映社会和个人的辩证关系，揭示言语活动的社会本质和社会制约性，并将说话和听话过程作为人类活动全部体系中的一个有机组成部分来加以描述。

家庭

他的儿子、孙子都是心理学家。

阿列克谢·阿列克谢耶维奇·列昂季耶夫

德米特里·阿列克谢耶维奇·列昂季耶夫

Aleksei Nikolayevich Leontiev (Russian: Алексе́й Никола́евич Лео́нтьев, IPA: [lʲɪˈonʲtʲjɪf]; February 18, 1903 – January 21, 1979), was a Soviet Russian developmental psychologist and philosopher and a founder of activity theory.

He was born and died in Moscow.

Biography

Aleksei Leontiev's life was closely linked to the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MGU). In 1921, he began his studies at the historical-philological faculty of the university. The historical-philological faculty, at the time, included a Department of Philosophy at which Georgy Chelpanov was teaching psychology, and Leontiev studied psychology with him. In 1924, Leontiev graduated from what became the Faculty of Social Sciences. Leontiev worked with Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria from 1924 to 1930, collaborating on the development of Marxist psychology as a response to behaviorism and the focus on the stimulus-response mechanism as an explanation for human behavior. Leontiev left Vygotsky's group in Moscow in 1931, to take up a position in Kharkiv. He continued to work with Vygotsky for some time but, eventually, there was a split, although they continued to communicate with one another on scientific matters (van der Veer and Valsiner, 1991). Leontiev returned to Moscow in 1934. Later, he became the Head of the Psychology Department at the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University. In 1966, Leontiev became the first ever Dean of the newly established Faculty of Psychology at the Moscow State University, where he worked until his death in 1979.

Scientific work

Leontiev's early scientific work was done in the framework of Vygotsky's cultural-historical research program and focused on the exploration of the phenomenon of cultural mediation. Representative of this period is Leontiev's study on mediated memory in children and adults The development of higher forms of memory, 1931.

Leontiev's own research school is based on a thorough psychological analysis of the phenomenon of activity. Systematic development of the psychological foundations of activity theory was started in the 1930s by Kharkiv group of psychologists headed by Leontiev and included such researchers as Zaporozhets, Galperin, Zinchenko, Bozhovich, Asnin, Lukov, etc. In its fullest form, activity theory was subsequently developed and institutionalized as the leading psychological doctrine in the Soviet Union in the post-war period after Leontiev had moved to Moscow and took a position at the Moscow State University.

For Leontiev, the psychological of 'activity' consisted of those processes "that realize a person's actual life in the objective world by which he is surrounded, his social being in all the richness and variety of its forms" (Leontiev 1977). The core of Leontiev's work is the proposal that we can examine human processes from the perspective of their psychological macrostructure in three interrelated units. The stimulating unit is that of activity and motives that drive it. The behavior-orientation unit is that of actions and their associated goals, and the conditional unit is the analysis of operations that serve as means for the achievement of actions goals.