君子兰属属

物种

具茎君子兰Clivia caulescens R.A.Dyer

垂筒君子兰Clivia ×cyrtanthiflora (Lindl. ex K.Koch & Fintelm) T.Moore

细叶君子兰Clivia gardenii Hook.

君子兰Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Verschaff.

奇异君子兰Clivia mirabilis Rourke

云雾君子兰Clivia ×nimbicola Swanev., Truter & A.E.van Wyk

垂笑君子兰Clivia nobilis Lindl.

粗壮君子兰Clivia robusta B.G.Murray, Ran, de Lange, Hammett, Truter & Swanev.

Clivia is a genus of monocot flowering plants native to southern Africa. They are from the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Common names are Natal lily or bush lily.

They are herbaceous or evergreen perennial plants, with green, strap-like leaves. Individual flowers are more or less bell-shaped, occurring in umbels on a stalk above the foliage; colors typically range from yellow through orange to red. Many cultivars exist, some with variegated leaf patterns.

Description

Species of Clivia are found only in South Africa and Eswatini. They are typically forest undergrowth plants, adapted to low light (with the exception of C. mirabilis from the Western Cape).

Clivia shares common features with the other members of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Individual flowers have three sepals and three petals, all very similar (although the sepals are typically narrower than the petals) and collectively called tepals. In Clivia the tepals are fused at the base to form a tube, although this may be very short. The flower varies in shape from an open cup to a narrow hanging tube. In the species the flowers are mainly in shades of yellow through orange to red. The flowers are arranged in umbels (i.e. the flower-stalks or pedicels radiate from a single point); each umbel has a long stalk or peduncle. Several bracts subtend the umbels. Each flower has six stamens and an inferior ovary (i.e. one which is below the tepals) made up of three locules. The stamens have long filaments and anthers which are free to move on their filaments. The style is longer than the tepals, ending in a short three-part stigma.

Flowering time varies. Typically C. miniata, C. nobilis and C. caulescens flower in late winter and spring; in cultivation, C.

Taxonomy

It was published by John Lindley in 1828 with Clivia nobilis Lindl. as the type species. It was named in honor of Charlotte Percy (née Clive), Duchess of Northumberland (1787–1866), who was for a time the governess of the future Queen Victoria.

Evolution and phylogeny

Six genera have been placed in the tribe Haemantheae; all are found in Africa. Molecular phylogenetic analysis carried out in 2004 showed that the tribe is monophyletic (i.e. it contains all the descendants of a single common ancestor). Four species of Clivia were included in the analysis:

The bulbless Clivia and Cryptostephanus appear to occupy a basal position within the clade. Meerow and Clayton suggest that a forest understorey habitat, associated with the absence of bulbs and the presence of fruits which are berries, may have been a factor in the evolutionary divergence of the Haemantheae clade from the rest of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae.

Species

As of December 2025, six species are recognized by Plants of the World Online:

Clivia caulescens R.A.Dyer

Clivia gardenii Hook.

Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Bosse

Clivia mirabilis Rourke

Clivia nobilis Lindl.

Clivia robusta B.G.Murray, Ran, de Lange, Hammett, Truter & Swanev.

C. mirabilis was only named in 2000, and C. robusta even later, in 2004. Thus older sources frequently state that there are only four or five species.

Natural hybrids

Clivia × nimbicola Swanev., Truter & A.E.van Wyk = C. caulescens × C. miniata

Cultivation

Of the species, Clivia miniata is the most widely cultivated; cultivars with flowers ranging from deep red-orange to pale yellow have been bred by growers. Yellow plants can belong to one of two different groups which breed true for colour, producing seedlings with unpigmented stems and all yellow flowers when mature. When yellows from different groups are crossed, seedlings with pigmented stems occur and the resulting flowers are orange.

C. miniata, C. gardenii, C. robusta and C. caulescens seedlings flower after four to five years. C. nobilis will flower after seven or eight years. It is reported that C. mirabilis also takes about six years to flower.

Care

In cultivation, it is recommended that plants are watered regularly in summer, although not overwatered, with a resting period from autumn till late winter, when the plants are kept almost dry at 46–50 °F (8–10 °C). Plants can be repotted yearly or every other year in all-purpose potting medium or coconut husks.

Propagation is by seed or by offsets removed when repotting. Seeds are sown on the top of moist material in high humidity.

Pests and diseases include scale insects, mealy bug, amaryllis borer, and rot.

Toxicity

Some species of Clivia, including Clivia miniata, produce small amounts of the alkaloid lycorine. Lycorine is toxic in sufficient quantities, particularly in pets and small children.