绦虫纲纲

绦虫的寄生历程已有很长久历史：科学家在一块2.7亿年前（二叠纪中期到后期）的鲨鱼粪便化石（coprolites）里发现了多丛绦虫卵及一条发育中的蚴。

分类

• 目前全球约有4,000余种，中国约有400种。共分以下两个亚纲：
• 单节绦虫亚纲（Cestodaria）
• 多节绦虫亚纲（Eucestoidea）

寄生于人体的绦虫有30余种，多属圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）和假叶目（Pseudophyllidea），最著名的种是引起人类绦虫病的猪肉绦虫。

• 多节绦虫亚纲物种的分类已澄清。以下为现时的分类：
• 单殖纲 Monogenea
• Amphilinidea
• Caryophyllidea
• Spathebothriidea
• Trypanorhyncha
• 假叶目（Pseudophyllidea）
• 四叶目（Tetraphyllidea）
• Diphyllidea, Proteocephalidea
• Nippotaeniidea
• 圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）、Tetrabothriidea

四叶目、假叶目（因为裂头绦虫科，Diphyllobothriidae）及圆叶目（因为Mesocestoididae科）均为并系群。

带科（Taeniidae）可能是圆叶目之下12个目的最基底。

The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.

海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277个已知物种，分为五个总科：Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae 和 Lacistorhynchidae.

• 在GBIF，本纲包括以下目：
• Amphilinidea
• Bothriocephalidea
• Caryophyllidea
• Cathetocephalidea
• Cathetocephalidae
• Disculicepitidae
• 圆叶目 Cyclophyllidea
• Diphyllidea
• Echinobothriidae
• 裂头绦虫目 Diphyllobothriidea
• Cephalochlamydidae
• 裂头绦虫科 Diphyllobothriidae
• Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931
• Baylisia Markowski, 1952
• Baylisiella Markowski, 1952
• Dibothriocephalus Lühe, 1899
• Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858
• Diplogonophorus Lönnberg, 1892
• Dubium Rudolphi, 1819
• Flexobothrium Yurakhno, 1989
• Glandicephalus Fuhrmann, 1921
• Hexagonoporus Gubanov, 1955
• Ligula Bloch, 1782
• Ligula alternans Rudolphi, 1810
• Ligula avium Bloch, 1782
• Ligula colymbi Zeder, 1803
• Ligula digramma Creplin, 1839
• Ligula interrupta Rudolphi, 1810

Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790

Ligula monogramma Creplin, 1839

Ligula nemachili (Dubinina, 1957) Kuchta & Scholz, 2017

• Ligula pancerii Polonio, 1860
• Ligula pavlovskii Dubinina, 1959
• Multiductus Clarke, 1962
• Plicobothrium Rausch & Margolis, 1969
• Pyramicocephalus Monticelli, 1890
• Schistocephalus Creplin, 1829
• Sparganum Diesing, 1854

Spirometra Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929

• Tetragonoporus Skryabin, 1961
• Solenophoridae
• Gyrocotylidea
• Haplobothriidea
• Lecanicephalidea
• Aberrapecidae
• Cephalobothiidae
• Cephalobothriidae
• Eniochobothriidae
• Lecanicephalidae
• Paraberrapecidae
• Polycephalidae
• Polypocephalidae
• Anteropora Subhapradha, 1955
• Anthemobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
• Corollapex Herzog & Jensen, 2017

Hornellobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906

Polypocephalus Braun, 1878

Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951

Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981

Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020

Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991

Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007

Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005

Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951

Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982

Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989

Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005

Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006

Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005

Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006

Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982

Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982

Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981

Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006

Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951

Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982

Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925

Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009

Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987

Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982

Polypocephalus radiatus Braun, 1878

Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986

Polypocephalus rhinobatidis Subhapradha, 1951

Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1951

Polypocephalus saoudi Hassan, 1982

Polypocephalus singhii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981

Polypocephalus thapari Shinde & Jadhav, 1981

Polypocephalus vesicularis Yamaguti, 1960

Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007

Polypocephalus vitellaris Subhapradha, 1951

• Polypocephalus waltairensis Mote, 2012
• Seussapex Jensen & Russell, 2014
• Thysanobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
• Tetragonocephalidae
• Zanobatocestidae
• Litobothriidea
• Nippotaeniidea
• Onchoproteocephalidea
• Phyllobothriidea
• Chimaerocestidae
• Phyllobothriidae
• Alexandercestus Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
• Anindobothrium
• Anthobothrium
• Aocobothrium

Bibursibothridium McKenzie & Caira, 1998

• Bibursibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
• Biporophyllaeus Subramaniam, 1939
• Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893
• Cardiobothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
• Caulobothrium

Caulopatera Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010

Clistobothrium Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990

Clistobothrium amyae Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020

Clistobothrium carcharodoni Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990

特征

成虫扁长如腰带，分节，白色或乳白色，体长因虫种不同可从数毫米至数米不等。由头节（scolex）、颈部（neck）、节片（proglottid）组成，前端细。

头节上有槽、吸盘或钩，借此附着在宿主肠壁上；节片由颈分裂而来，节片由一至数千不等，越往后越宽大；每一节片相当一个体，称链体（stroblius），链体是虫体最显著的部分，其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官，其他器官退化，营养靠体表吸收宿主的养料；随着生殖器官的发育，节片愈后愈成熟，有卵的节片称为孕节，最后逐节或整段脱落，随粪便排出宿主体外。

生活史

卵内具有钩的胚，胚逸出后侵入中间宿主，发育为实心或囊状的蚴，蚴被最终宿主吞食后，即在小肠内成长为成虫；例如寄生人体内的猪肉绦虫、牛肉绦虫。