直翅目目

分类

全世界已知有效种为3万多种，分隶64科3500属。中国已知800余种，分隶28科。

剑尾亚目 Ensifera

又名长角亚目，中文同名于另一双翅目下亚目

蟋蟀总科 Grylloidea

• 蟋蟀科 Gryllidae
• 蝼蛄科 Gryllotalpidae
• 癞蟋科 Mogoplistidae
• 蚁蟋科 Myrmecophilidae

驼螽总科 Rhaphidophoroidea

驼螽科（灶马） Rhaphidophoridae

螽蟴下目 Tettigonioidea

• 螽蟴总科 Tettigonioidea
• 硕螽科 Bradyporidae
• Haglidae
• 露螽科 Phaneropteridae
• 螽蟴科 Tettigoniidae
• 沙螽总科 Stenopelmatoidea
• 丑螽科 Anostostomatidae Saussure, 1859
• 怪螽科 Cooloolidae Rentz, 1980
• 蟋螽科 Gryllacrididae Blanchard, 1845
• 沙螽科 Stenopelmatidae Burmeister, 1838

裂趾蟋总科 Schizodactyloidea

裂趾蟋科 Schizodactylidae

锥尾亚目 Caelifera

Acrididea

Acridomorpha

短角蝗总科（蜢总科） Eumastacoidea

短角蝗科（蜢科）Eumastacidae

锥头蝗科 Pyrgomorphidae

瘤锥蝗科 Chrotogonidae

蝗总科 Acridoidea

• 蝗科 Acrididae
• 网翅蝗科 Arcypteridae
• 斑腿蝗科 Catantopidae
• 沙蝗科 Lathiceridae
• 小蝻蝗科 Lentulidae
• 癞蝗科 Pamphagidae
• Charilaidae
• 枝蝗科 Proscopiidae

蚱总科（菱蝗总科） Tetrigoidea

股沟蚱科 Batrachididae

蚱科（菱蝗科）Tetrigidae

蚤蝼总科 Tridactyloidea

• 短足蝼科 Cylindrachetidae
• 泽蚤蝼科 Rhipipterygidae
• 蚤蝼科 Tridactylidae

Orthoptera (from Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós) 'straight' and πτερά (pterá) 'wings') is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts, and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.

More than 20,000 species are distributed worldwide. The insects in the order have incomplete metamorphosis, and produce sound (known as a "stridulation") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum, or ear, is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets, and bush crickets or katydids, and on the first abdominal segment in the grasshoppers and locusts. These organisms use vibrations to locate other individuals.

Grasshoppers and other orthopterans are able to fold their wings (i.e. they are members of Neoptera).

Etymology

The name is derived from the Greek ὀρθός orthos meaning "straight" and πτερόν pteron meaning "wing".

Characteristics

Orthopterans have a generally cylindrical body, with elongated hindlegs and musculature adapted for jumping. They have mandibulate mouthparts for biting and chewing and large compound eyes, and may or may not have ocelli, depending on the species. The antennae have multiple joints and filiform type, and are of variable length.

The first and third segments on the thorax are larger, while the second segment is much smaller. They have two pairs of wings, which are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings, or tegmina, are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwings are membranous, with straight veins and numerous cross-veins. At rest, the hindwings are held folded fan-like under the forewings. The final two to three segments of the abdomen are reduced, and have single-segmented cerci.

Life cycle

Orthopterans have a paurometabolous lifecycle or incomplete metamorphosis. The use of sound is generally crucial in courtship, and most species have distinct songs. Most grasshoppers lay their eggs in the ground or on vegetation. The eggs hatch and the young nymphs resemble adults, but lack wings and at this stage are often called 'hoppers'. They may often also have a radically different coloration from the adults. Through successive moults, the nymphs develop wings until their final moult into a mature adult with fully developed wings.

The number of moults varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions.

Evolution

This order evolved 300 million years ago with a division into two suborders – Caelifera and Ensifera – occurring 256 million years ago.

Phylogeny

The Orthoptera are divided into two suborders, Caelifera and Ensifera, that have been shown to be monophyletic. A recent comprehensive phylogeny based on analyses of data from transcriptomes and mitochondrial genomes found the following relationships within Orthoptera.

Notes

Taxonomy

Taxonomists classify members of the Caelifera and Ensifera into infraorders and superfamilies as follows:

• Suborder Caelifera – grasshoppers, pygmy mole crickets and allies
• Infraorder Acrididea
• Superfamily Acridoidea – grasshoppers, locusts
• Superfamily Eumastacoidea – monkey or matchstick grasshoppers and allies
• Superfamily Locustopsoidea†
• Superfamily Pneumoroidea – bladder grasshoppers
• Superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea – gaudy grasshoppers
• Superfamily Tanaoceroidea – desert long-horned grasshoppers

Relationships with humans

As pests

Several species of Orthoptera are considered pests of crops and rangelands or seeking warmth in homes by humans. The two groups of Orthoptera that cause the most damage are grasshoppers and locusts. Locusts are historically known for wiping out fields of crops in a day. Locusts have the ability to eat up to their own body weight in a single day. Individuals gather in large groups called swarms, consisting of up to 80 million individuals and spanning as much as 460 square miles. Grasshoppers can cause major agricultural damage but not to the documented extent as locusts historically have. These insects mainly feed on weeds and grasses, however, during times of drought and high population density they will feed on crops. They are a known pest in soybean fields and will likely feed on these crops once preferred food sources have become scarce.