鹀科科

Emberizidae

鹀（wú）属是雀形目鹀科的唯一一属，体型一般比麻雀小，以植物的种子和昆虫为食，鸟啄粗短呈圆锥状，分布于旧大陆。鹀科本来还有其他的属，但2017年7月5日美国鸟类学会将该科新大陆的生物分离出来形成新的雀鹀科（Passerellidae），只剩下本属。

摘自维基百科「鵐科」，CC BY-SA 4.0

中文维基百科英文维基百科 Wikidata

学名: Emberizidae
分类等级: 科
上级类群: 雀形目
大类: 鸟类
命名: 尼古拉斯·艾尔沃德·维戈斯，1831 年
数据库: NCBI 分类 · GBIF

下级类群（15）

鹀属

Emberiza 属

鹀属 Emberiza 属
铁爪鹀属 Calcarius 属
金肩雀鹀属 Arremon 属
雪鹀属 Plectrophenax 属
纹头雀属 Arremonops 属
牛雀属 Loxigilla 属
楔尾草鹀属 Emberizoides 属
岭雀鹀属 Phrygilus 属
Peucaea 属
红顶雀属 Coryphospingus 属
南美草鹀属 Embernagra 属
迪卡雀属 Diuca 属
小籽雀属 Oryzoborus 属
栗臀雀属 Catamenia 属
南美草雀属 Tiaris 属

百科正文

本条目暂无中文维基百科条目，下面是英文维基百科原文。

The Old World buntings are a family, Emberizidae, of Old World seed-eating passerine birds with distinctively finch-like bills. In Europe, most species are simply called buntings. Several New World genera formerly considered part of this family are now placed in the families Passerellidae and Thraupidae.

Description

Emberizids are small birds, typically around 15 cm in length, with finch-like bills and nine primary feathers. They live in a variety of habitats, including woodland, brush, marsh, and grassland. They tend to have brown-streaked plumage. Many species have distinctive head patterns.

Behaviour and ecology

Their diet consists mainly of seeds, but may be supplemented with insects, especially when feeding their young.

The habits of emberizids are similar to those of finches, with which they sometimes used to be grouped. Older sources may place some emberizids in the Fringillidae family, and the common names of some emberizids still refer to them as finches. With a few exceptions, emberizids build cup-shaped nests from grasses and other plant fibres, and are monogamous.

Taxonomy and systematics

The genera of New World sparrows were split from Emberizidae as of July 5, 2017 by the American Ornithological Society; they are now considered to constitute their own family, Passerellidae.

A comprehensive 2021 genetic study that incorporated DNA samples of all but two Emberizidae species found that the family's ancestor came from the New World, from where it colonised eastern Asia via the Bering Strait during the late Miocene. From there, the family then radiated into four clades, each of which is now treated as a genus. This radiation was linked to a global cooling event that led to a reduction of forest cover and the expansion of open habitats, including grasslands, to which the Emberizidae buntings adapted. The genus Fringillaria is primarily African and includes mostly resident species such as the golden-breasted bunting, the Cape bunting, and the house bunting. The next clade to diverge, Schoeniclus, is strongly migratory, and adapted to open taiga forests. This clade includes the yellow-breasted and the little bunting, but also the common reed bunting and Pallas's reed bunting, which breed near standing water. The third clade, the genus Melophus is the smallest, comprising three species, and is found in arid regions of South Asia; it includes the crested bunting, the red-headed bunting and the black-headed bunting. The fourth clade, the genus Emberiza, comprises sedentary, partially migratory and strongly migratory species, most of which are adapted to drylands and shrublands. Examples include the yellowhammer, the corn bunting, the meadow bunting, and the ortolan bunting.

The following cladogram shows the relationships between the genera. It is based on the results of 2021 study by Tianlong Cai and collaborators.